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Key Equations
Key Equations
Momentum of a charged particle in a cyclotron
p
=
0.3
B
r
Center-of-mass energy of a colliding beam machine
W
2
=
2
[
E
1
E
2
+
(
p
1
c
)
(
p
2
c
)
]
+
(
m
1
c
2
)
2
+
(
m
2
c
2
)
2
Approximate time for exchange of a virtual particle between two other particles
Δ
t
=
h
E
Hubble’s law
v
=
H
0
d
Cosmological space-time metric
d
s
2
=
c
2
d
t
2
−
a
(
t
)
2
d
Σ
2
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